A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-nine

Sansa Sansa rode to the Hand's tourney with Septa Mordane and Jeyne Poole, in a litter with curtains of yellow silk so fine she could see right through them. They turned the whole world gold. Beyond the city walls, a hundred pavilions had been raised beside the river, and the common folk came out in the thousands to watch the games. The splendor of it all took Sansa's breath away; the shining armor, the great chargers caparisoned in silver and gold, the shouts of the crowd, the banners snapping in the wind . . . and the knights themselves, the knights most of all. â€Å"It is better than the songs,† she whispered when they found the places that her father had promised her, among the high lords and ladies. Sansa was dressed beautifully that day, in a green gown that brought out the auburn of her hair, and she knew they were looking at her and smiling. They watched the heroes of a hundred songs ride forth, each more fabulous than the last. The seven knights of the Kingsguard took the field, all but Jaime Lannister in scaled armor the color of milk, their cloaks as white as freshfallen snow. Ser Jaime wore the white cloak as well, but beneath it he was shining gold from head to foot, with a lion's-head helm and a golden sword. Ser Gregor Clegane, the Mountain That Rides, thundered past them like an avalanche. Sansa remembered Lord Yohn Royce, who had guested at Winterfell two years before. â€Å"His armor is bronze, thousands and thousands of years old, engraved with magic runes that ward him against harm,† she whispered to Jeyne. Septa Mordane pointed out Lord Jason Mallister, in indigo chased with silver, the wings of an eagle on his helm. He had cut down three of Rhaegar's bannermen on the Trident. The girls giggled over the warrior priest Thoros of Myr, with his flapping red robes and shaven head, until the septa told the m that he had once scaled the walls of Pyke with a flaming sword in hand. Other riders Sansa did not know; hedge knights from the Fingers and Highgarden and the mountains of Dorne, unsung freeriders and new-made squires, the younger sons of high lords and the heirs of lesser houses. Younger men, most had done no great deeds as yet, but Sansa and Jeyne agreed that one day the Seven Kingdoms would resound to the sound of their names. Ser Balon Swann. Lord Bryce Caron of the Marches. Bronze Yohn's heir, Ser Andar Royce, and his younger brother Ser Robar, their silvered steel plate filigreed in bronze with the same ancient runes that warded their father. The twins Ser Horas and Ser Hobber, whose shields displayed the grape cluster sigil of the Redwynes, burgundy on blue. Patrek Mallister, Lord Jason's son. Six Freys of the Crossing: Ser Jared, Ser Hosteen, Ser Danwell, Ser Emmon, Ser Theo, Ser Perwyn, sons and grandsons of old Lord Walder Frey, and his bastard son Martyn Rivers as well. Jeyne Poole confessed herself frightened by the look of Jalabhar Xho, an exile prince from the Summer Isles who wore a cape of green and scarlet feathers over skin as dark as night, but when she saw young Lord Beric Dondarrion, with his hair like red gold and his black shield slashed by lightning, she pronounced herself willing to marry him on the instant. The Hound entered the lists as well, and so too the king's brother, handsome Lord Renly of Storm's End. Jory, Alyn, and Harwin rode for Winterfell and the north. â€Å"Jory looks a beggar among these others,† Septa Mordane sniffed when he appeared. Sansa could only agree. Jory's armor was blue-grey plate without device or ornament, and a thin grey cloak hung from his shoulders like a soiled rag. Yet he acquitted himself well, unhorsing Horas Redwyne in his first joust and one of the Freys in his second. In his third match, he rode three passes at a freerider named Lothor Brune whose armor was as drab as his own. Neither man lost his seat, but Brune's lance was steadier and his blows better placed, and the king gave him the victory. Alyn and Harwin fared less well; Harwin was unhorsed in his first tilt by Ser Meryn of the Kingsguard, while Alyn fell to Ser Balon Swann. The jousting went all day and into the dusk, the hooves of the great warhorses pounding down the lists until the field was a ragged wasteland of torn earth. A dozen times Jeyne and Sansa cried out in unison as riders crashed together, lances exploding into splinters while the commons screamed for their favorites. Jeyne covered her eyes whenever a man fell, like a frightened little girl, but Sansa was made of sterner stuff. A great lady knew how to behave at tournaments. Even Septa Mordane noted her composure and nodded in approval. The Kingslayer rode brilliantly. He overthrew Ser Andar Royce and the Marcher Lord Bryce Caron as easily as if he were riding at rings, and then took a hard-fought match from white-haired Barristan Selmy, who had won his first two tilts against men thirty and forty years his junior. Sandor Clegane and his immense brother, Ser Gregor the Mountain, seemed unstoppable as well, riding down one foe after the next in ferocious style. The most terrifying moment of the day came during Ser Gregor's second joust, when his lance rode up and struck a young knight from the Vale under the gorget with such force that it drove through his throat, killing him instantly. The youth fell not ten feet from where Sansa was seated. The point of Ser Gregor's lance had snapped off in his neck, and his life's blood flowed out in slow pulses, each weaker than the one before. His armor was shiny new; a bright streak of fire ran down his outstretched arm, as the steel caught the light. Then the sun went behind a cloud, and it was gone. His cloak was blue, the color of the sky on a clear summer's day, trimmed with a border of crescent moons, but as his blood seeped into it, the cloth darkened and the moons turned red, one by one. Jeyne Poole wept so hysterically that Septa Mordane finally took her off to regain her composure, but Sansa sat with her hands folded in her lap, watching with a strange fascination. She had never seen a man die before. She ought to be crying too, she thought, but the tears would not come. Perhaps she had used up all her tears for Lady and Bran. It would be different if it had been Jory or Ser Rodrik or Father, she told herself. The young knight in the blue cloak was nothing to her, some stranger from the Vale of Arryn whose name she had forgotten as soon as she heard it. And now the world would forget his name too, Sansa realized; there would be no songs sung for him. That was sad. After they carried off the body, a boy with a spade ran onto the field and shoveled dirt over the spot where he had fallen, to cover up the blood. Then the jousts resumed. Ser Balon Swann also fell to Gregor, and Lord Renly to the Hound. Renly was unhorsed so violently that he seemed to fly backward off his charger, legs in the air. His head hit the ground with an audible crack that made the crowd gasp, but it was just the golden antler on his helm. One of the tines had snapped off beneath him. When Lord Renly climbed to his feet, the commons cheered wildly, for King Robert's handsome young brother was a great favorite. He handed the broken tine to his conqueror with a gracious bow. The Hound snorted and tossed the broken antler into the crowd, where the commons began to punch and claw over the little bit of gold, until Lord Renly walked out among them and restored the peace. By then Septa Mordane had returned, alone. Jeyne had been feeling ill, she explained; she had helped her back to the castle. Sansa had almost forgotten about Jeyne. Later a hedge knight in a checkered cloak disgraced himself by killing Beric Dondarrion's horse, and was declared forfeit. Lord Beric shifted his saddle to a new mount, only to be knocked right off it by Thoros of Myr. Ser Aron Santagar and Lothor Brune tilted thrice without result; Ser Aron fell afterward to Lord Jason Mallister, and Brune to Yohn Royce's younger son, Robar. In the end it came down to four; the Hound and his monstrous brother Gregor, Jaime Lannister the Kingslayer, and Ser Loras Tyrell, the youth they called the Knight of Flowers. Ser Loras was the youngest son of Mace Tyrell, the Lord of Highgarden and Warden of the South. At sixteen, he was the youngest rider on the field, yet he had unhorsed three knights of the Kingsguard that morning in his first three jousts. Sansa had never seen anyone so beautiful. His plate was intricately fashioned and enameled as a bouquet of a thousand different flowers, and his snow-white stallion was draped in a blanket of red and white roses. After each victory, Ser Loras would remove his helm and ride slowly round the fence, and finally pluck a single white rose from the blanket and toss it to some fair maiden in the crowd. His last match of the day was against the younger Royce. Ser Robar's ancestral runes proved small protection as Ser Loras split his shield and drove him from his saddle to crash with an awful clangor in the dirt. Robar lay moaning as the victor made his circuit of the field. Finally they called for a litter and carried him off to his tent, dazed and unmoving. Sansa never saw it. Her eyes were only for Ser Loras. When the white horse stopped in front of her, she thought her heart would burst. To the other maidens he had given white roses, but the one he plucked for her was red. â€Å"Sweet lady,† he said, â€Å"no victory is half so beautiful as you.† Sansa took the flower timidly, struck dumb by his gallantry. His hair was a mass of lazy brown curls, his eyes like liquid gold. She inhaled the sweet fragrance of the rose and sat clutching it long after Ser Loras had ridden off. When Sansa finally looked up, a man was standing over her, staring. He was short, with a pointed beard and a silver streak in his hair, almost as old as her father. â€Å"You must be one of her daughters,† he said to her. He had grey-green eyes that did not smile when his mouth did. â€Å"You have the Tully look.† â€Å"I'm Sansa Stark,† she said, ill at ease. The man wore a heavy cloak with a fur collar, fastened with a silver mockingbird, and he had the effortless manner of a high lord, but she did not know him. â€Å"I have not had the honor, my lord.† Septa Mordane quickly took a hand. â€Å"Sweet child, this is Lord Petyr Baelish, of the king's small council.† â€Å"Your mother was my queen of beauty once,† the man said quietly. His breath smelled of mint. â€Å"You have her hair.† His fingers brushed against her cheek as he stroked one auburn lock. Quite abruptly he turned and walked away. By then, the moon was well up and the crowd was tired, so the king decreed that the last three matches would be fought the next morning, before the melee. While the commons began their walk home, talking of the day's jousts and the matches to come on the morrow, the court moved to the riverside to begin the feast. Six monstrous huge aurochs had been roasting for hours, turning slowly on wooden spits while kitchen boys basted them with butter and herbs until the meat crackled and spit. Tables and benches had been raised outside the pavilions, piled high with sweetgrass and strawberries and fresh-baked bread. Sansa and Septa Mordane were given places of high honor, to the left of the raised dais where the king himself sat beside his queen. When Prince Joffrey seated himself to her right, she felt her throat tighten. He had not spoken a word to her since the awful thing had happened, and she had not dared to speak to him. At first she thought she hated him for what they'd done to Lady, but after Sansa had wept her eyes dry, she told herself that it had not been Joffrey's doing, not truly. The queen had done it; she was the one to hate, her and Arya. Nothing bad would have happened except for Arya. She could not hate Joffrey tonight. He was too beautiful to hate. He wore a deep blue doublet studded with a double row of golden lion's heads, and around his brow a slim coronet made of gold and sapphires. His hair was as bright as the metal. Sansa looked at him and trembled, afraid that he might ignore her or, worse, turn hateful again and send her weeping from the table. Instead Joffrey smiled and kissed her hand, handsome and gallant as any prince in the songs, and said, â€Å"Ser Loras has a keen eye for beauty, sweet lady.† â€Å"He was too kind,† she demurred, trying to remain modest and calm, though her heart was singing. â€Å"Ser Loras is a true knight. Do you think he will win tomorrow, my lord?† â€Å"No,† Joffrey said. â€Å"My dog will do for him, or perhaps my uncle Jaime. And in a few years, when I am old enough to enter the lists, I shall do for them all.† He raised his hand to summon a servant with a flagon of iced summerwine, and poured her a cup. She looked anxiously at Septa Mordane, until Joffrey leaned over and filled the septa's cup as well, so she nodded and thanked him graciously and said not another word. The servants kept the cups filled all night, yet afterward Sansa could not recall ever tasting the wine. She needed no wine. She was drunk on the magic of the night, giddy with glamour, swept away by beauties she had dreamt of all her life and never dared hope to know. Singers sat before the king's pavilion, filling the dusk with music. A juggler kept a cascade of burning clubs spinning through the air. The king's own fool, the pie-faced simpleton called Moon Boy, danced about on stilts, all in motley, making mock of everyone with such deft cruelty that Sansa wondered if he was simple after all. Even Septa Mordane was helpless before him; when he sang his little song about the High Septon, she laughed so hard she spilled wine on herself. And Joffrey was the soul of courtesy. He talked to Sansa all night, showering her with compliments, making her laugh, sharing little bits of court gossip, explaining Moon Boy's japes. Sansa was so captivated that she quite forgot all her courtesies and ignored Septa Mordane, seated to her left. All the while the courses came and went. A thick soup of barley and venison. Salads of sweetgrass and spinach and plums, sprinkled with crushed nuts. Snails in honey and garlic. Sansa had never eaten snails before; Joffrey showed her how to get the snail out of the shell, and fed her the first sweet morsel himself. Then came trout fresh from the river, baked in clay; her prince helped her crack open the hard casing to expose the flaky white flesh within. And when the meat course was brought out, he served her himself, slicing a queen's portion from the joint, smiling as he laid it on her plate. She could see from the way he moved that his right arm was still troubling him, yet he uttered not a word of complaint. Later came sweetbreads and pigeon pie and baked apples fragrant with cinnamon and lemon cakes frosted in sugar, but by then Sansa was so stuffed that she could not manage more than two little lemon cakes, as much as she loved them. She was wondering whether she might attempt a third when the king began to shout. King Robert had grown louder with each course. From time to time Sansa could hear him laughing or roaring a command over the music and the clangor of plates and cutlery, but they were too far away for her to make out his words. Now everybody heard him. â€Å"No,† he thundered in a voice that drowned out all other speech. Sansa was shocked to see the king on his feet, red of face, reeling. He had a goblet of wine in one hand, and he was drunk as a man could be. â€Å"You do not tell me what to do, woman,† he screamed at Queen Cersei. â€Å"I am king here, do you understand? I rule here, and if I say that I will fight tomorrow, I will fight!† Everyone was staring. Sansa saw Ser Barristan, and the king's brother Renly, and the short man who had talked to her so oddly and touched her hair, but no one made a move to interfere. The queen's face was a mask, so bloodless that it might have been sculpted from snow. She rose from the table, gathered her skirts around her, and stormed off in silence, servants trailing behind. Jaime Lannister put a hand on the king's shoulder, but the king shoved him away hard. Lannister stumbled and fell. The king guffawed. â€Å"The great knight. I can still knock you in the dirt. Remember that, Kingslayer.† He slapped his chest with the jeweled goblet, splashing wine all over his satin tunic. â€Å"Give me my hammer and not a man in the realm can stand before me!† Jaime Lannister rose and brushed himself off. â€Å"As you say, Your Grace.† His voice was stiff. Lord Renly came forward, smiling. â€Å"You've spilled your wine, Robert. Let me bring you a fresh goblet.† Sansa started as Joffrey laid his hand on her arm. â€Å"It grows late,† the prince said. He had a queer look on his face, as if he were not seeing her at all. â€Å"Do you need an escort back to the castle?† â€Å"No,† Sansa began. She looked for Septa Mordane, and was startled to find her with her head on the table, snoring soft and ladylike snores. â€Å"I mean to say . . . yes, thank you, that would be most kind. I am tired, and the way is so dark. I should be glad for some protection.† Joffrey called out, â€Å"Dog!† Sandor Clegane seemed to take form out of the night, so quickly did he appear. He had exchanged his armor for a red woolen tunic with a leather dog's head sewn on the front. The light of the torches made his burned face shine a dull red. â€Å"Yes, Your Grace?† he said. â€Å"Take my betrothed back to the castle, and see that no harm befalls her,† the prince told him brusquely. And without even a word of farewell, Joffrey strode off, leaving her there. Sansa could feel the Hound watching her. â€Å"Did you think Joff was going to take you himself?† He laughed. He had a laugh like the snarling of dogs in a pit. â€Å"Small chance of that.† He pulled her unresisting to her feet. â€Å"Come, you're not the only one needs sleep. I've drunk too much, and I may need to kill my brother tomorrow.† He laughed again. Suddenly terrified, Sansa pushed at Septa Mordane's shoulder, hoping to wake her, but she only snored the louder. King Robert had stumbled off and half the benches were suddenly empty. The feast was over, and the beautiful dream had ended with it. The Hound snatched up a torch to light their way. Sansa followed close beside him. The ground was rocky and uneven; the flickering light made it seem to shift and move beneath her. She kept her eyes lowered, watching where she placed her feet. They walked among the pavilions, each with its banner and its armor hung outside, the silence weighing heavier with every step. Sansa could not bear the sight of him, he frightened her so, yet she had been raised in all the ways of courtesy. A true lady would not notice his face, she told herself. â€Å"You rode gallantly today, Ser Sandor,† she made herself say. Sandor Clegane snarled at her. â€Å"Spare me your empty little compliments, girl . . . and your ser's. I am no knight. I spit on them and their vows. My brother is a knight. Did you see him ride today?† â€Å"Yes,† Sansa whispered, trembling. â€Å"He was . . . â€Å"Gallant?† the Hound finished. He was mocking her, she realized. â€Å"No one could withstand him,† she managed at last, proud of herself. It was no lie. Sandor Clegane stopped suddenly in the middle of a dark and empty field. She had no choice but to stop beside him. â€Å"Some septa trained you well. You're like one of those birds from the Summer Isles, aren't you? A pretty little talking bird, repeating all the pretty little words they taught you to recite.† â€Å"That's unkind.† Sansa could feel her heart fluttering in her chest. â€Å"You're frightening me. I want to go now.† â€Å"No one could withstand him,† the Hound rasped. â€Å"That's truth enough. No one could ever withstand Gregor. That boy today, his second joust, oh, that was a pretty bit of business. You saw that, did you? Fool boy, he had no business riding in this company. No money, no squire, no one to help him with that armor. That gorget wasn't fastened proper. You think Gregor didn't notice that? You think Ser Gregor's lance rode up by chance, do you? Pretty little talking girl, you believe that, you're empty-headed as a bird for true. Gregor's lance goes where Gregor wants it to go. Look at me. Look at me!† Sandor Clegane put a huge hand under her chin and forced her face up. He squatted in front of her, and moved the torch close. â€Å"There's a pretty for you. Take a good long stare. You know you want to. I've watched you turning away all the way down the kingsroad. Piss on that. Take your look.† His fingers held her jaw as hard as an iron trap. His eyes watched hers. Drunken eyes, sullen with anger. She had to look. The right side of his face was gaunt, with sharp cheekbones and a grey eye beneath a heavy brow. His nose was large and hooked, his hair thin, dark. He wore it long and brushed it sideways, because no hair grew on the other side of that face. The left side of his face was a ruin. His ear had been burned away; there was nothing left but a hole. His eye was still good, but all around it was a twisted mass of scar, slick black flesh hard as leather, pocked with craters and fissured by deep cracks that gleamed red and wet when he moved. Down by his jaw, you could see a hint of bone where the flesh had been seared away. Sansa began to cry. He let go of her then, and snuffed out the torch in the dirt. â€Å"No pretty words for that, girl? No little compliment the septa taught you?† When there was no answer, he continued. â€Å"Most of them, they think it was some battle. A siege, a burning tower, an enemy with a torch. One fool asked if it was dragonsbreath.† His laugh was softer this time, but just as bitter. â€Å"I'll tell you what it was, girl,† he said, a voice from the night, a shadow leaning so close now that she could smell the sour stench of wine on his breath. â€Å"I was younger than you, six, maybe seven. A woodcarver set up shop in the village under my father's keep, and to buy favor he sent us gifts. The old man made marvelous toys. I don't remember what I got, but it was Gregor's gift I wanted. A wooden knight, all painted up, every joint pegged separate and fixed with strings, so you could make him fight. Gregor is five years older than me, the toy was nothing to him, he was already a squire, near six foot tall and muscled like an ox. So I took his knight, but there was no joy to it, I tell you. I was scared all the while, and true enough, he found me. There was a brazier in the room. Gregor never said a word, just picked me up under his arm and shoved the side of my face down in the burning coals and held me there while I screamed and screamed. You saw how strong he is. Even then, it took three grown men to drag him off me. The septons preach about the seven hells. What do they know? Only a man who's been burned knows what hell is truly like. â€Å"My father told everyone my bedding had caught fire, and our maester gave me ointments. Ointments! Gregor got his ointments too. Four years later, they anointed him with the seven oils and he recited his knightly vows and Rhaegar Targaryen tapped him on the shoulder and said, ‘Arise, Ser Gregor.' â€Å" The rasping voice trailed off. He squatted silently before her, a hulking black shape shrouded in the night, hidden from her eyes. Sansa could hear his ragged breathing. She was sad for him, she realized. Somehow, the fear had gone away. The silence went on and on, so long that she began to grow afraid once more, but she was afraid for him now, not for herself. She found his massive shoulder with her hand. â€Å"He was no true knight,† she whispered to him. The Hound threw back his head and roared. Sansa stumbled back, away from him, but he caught her arm. â€Å"No,† he growled at her, â€Å"no, little bird, he was no true knight.† The rest of the way into the city, Sandor Clegane said not a word. He led her to where the carts were waiting, told a driver to take them back to the Red Keep, and climbed in after her. They rode in silence through the King's Gate and up torchlit city streets. He opened the postern door and led her into the castle, his burned face twitching and his eyes brooding, and he was one step behind her as they climbed the tower stairs. He took her safe all the way to the corridor outside her bedchamber. â€Å"Thank you, my lord,† Sansa said meekly. The Hound caught her by the arm and leaned close. â€Å"The things I told you tonight,† he said, his voice sounding even rougher than usual. â€Å"If you ever tell Joffrey . . . your sister, your father . . . any of them . . . â€Å" â€Å"I won't,† Sansa whispered. â€Å"I promise.† It was not enough. â€Å"If you ever tell anyone,† he finished, â€Å"I'll kill you.†

Love and Revenge in Bronte’s “Wuthering Heights” Essay

Overview The novel, which features an unusually intricate plot, traces the effects that unbridled hate and love have on two families through three generations. Ellen Dean, who serves both families, tells Mr. Lockwood, the new tenant at Thrush cross Grange, the bizarre stories of the house’s family, the Linton’s, and of the Earns haws of Wuthering Heights. Her narrative weaves the four parts of the novel, all dealing with the fate of the two families, into the core story of Catherine and Heathcliff. The two lovers manipulate various members of both families simply to inspire and torment each other in life and death. Heathcliff dominates the novel. Ruthless and tyrannical, he represents a new kind of man, free of all restraints and dedicated totally to the satisfaction of his deepest desires no matter what the cost to others or himself. He meets his match in Catherine, who is also his inspiration. Her visionary dreams and bold identification with the powers of storm and wind at Wuthering Heights are precisely what make Heathcliff worship her. When Catherine betrays Heathcliff by marrying Ralph Linton, Heathcliff feels she has betrayed the freedom they shared as children on the moor. He exacts a terrible revenge. However, he is no mere Gothic villain. Somehow, the reader sympathizes with this powerful figure who is possessed by his beloved. IntroductionIn 1801, Mr. Lockwood became a tenant at Thrushcross Grange, an old farm owned by a Mr. Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights. In the early days of his tenancy, he made two calls on his landlord. On his first visit, he met Heathcliff, an abrupt, unsocial man who was surrounded by a pack of snarling, barking dogs. When he went to Wuthering Heights a second time, he met the other members of the strange household: a rude, unkempt but handsome young man named Hareton Earnshaw and a pretty young woman who was the widow of Heathcliff’s son. During his visit, snow began to fall. It covered the moor paths and made travel impossible for a stranger in that bleak countryside. Heathcliff refused to let one of the servants go with him as a guide but said that if he stayed the night he could share Hareton’s bed or that of Joseph, a sour, canting old servant. When Mr. Lockwood tried to borrow Joseph’s lantern for  the homeward journey, the old fellow set the dogs on him, to the amusement of Hareton and Heathcliff. The visitor was finally rescued by Zillah, the cook, who hid him in an unused chamber of the house. In 1801, Mr. Lockwood became a tenant at Thrushcross Grange, an old farm owned by a Mr. Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights. In the early days of his tenancy, he made two calls on his landlord. On his first visit, he met Heathcliff, an abrupt, unsocial man who was surrounded by a pack of snarling, barking dogs. When he went to Wuthering Heights a second time, he met the other members of the strange household: a rude, unkempt but handsome young man named Hareton Earnshaw and a pretty young woman who was the widow of Heathcliff’s son. During his visit, snow began to fall. It covered the moor paths and made travel impossible for a stranger in that bleak countryside. Heathcliff refused to let one of the servants go with him as a guide but said that if he stayed the night he could share Hareton’s bed or that of Joseph, a sour, canting old servant. When Mr. Lockwood tried to borrow Joseph’s lantern for the homeward journey, the old fellow set the dogs on him, to the amusement of Hareton and Heathcliff. The visitor was finally rescued by Zillah, the cook, who hid him in an unused chamber of the house. Form and ContentWuthering Heights is a story of passionate love that encompasses two generations of two families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons. It is a framed tale narrated by two different characters, one with intimate knowledge of the families (Nelly Dean) and one unacquainted with their history. The first narrator is the stranger, Mr. Lockwood. A wealthy, educated man, Lockwood has chosen to rent a house in the isolated moors, saying that he has wearied of society. Yet his actions belie his words: He pursues a friendship with Heathcliff despite the latter’s objections and seeks information about all the citizens of the neighborhood. Lockwood is steeped in the conventions of his class, and he consistently misjudges the people he meets at Wuthering Heights. He assumes that Hareton Earnshaw, the rightful owner of Wuthering Heights, is a servant and that Catherine Linton is a demure wife to Heathcliff. His statements, even about himself, are  untrustworthy, requiring the cor rective of Nelly Dean’s narrative. Lockwood cultivates Nelly Dean’s friendship when a long illness, brought on by his foolish attempt to visit Heathcliff during a snowstorm, keeps him bedridden for weeks. Nelly has been reared with the Earnshaws and has been a servant in both households. She has observed much of the central drama between the two families, but her statements, too, are colored by prejudice. Nelly dislikes Catherine Earnshaw, who behaved selfishly and treated the servants badly at times, and she supports Edgar Linton because he was a gentleman. Patterns of dualism and opposition are played out between the first and second generations as well. Heathcliff, the physically strongest father, has the weakest child, Linton Heathcliff. By dying young, Linton dissolves the triangular relationship that has so plagued the older generation, undermining Heathcliff’s influence. Hareton Earnshaw, abused like Heathcliff and demonstrating surprising similarities of character, nevertheless retains some sense of moral behavior and is not motivated by revenge. Catherine Earnshaw’s daughter, as willful and spirited as her mother, does not have to make the same difficult choice between passionate love and socially sanctioned marriage. Instead, Catherine Linton and Hareton Earnshaw are left to help each other and inherit the positive legacies of the past, enjoying both the social amenities of Thrushcross Grange and the natural environment of Wuthering Heights. AnalysisAn essential element of Wuthering Heights is the exploration and extension of the meaning of romance. By contrasting the passionate, natural love of Catherine and Heathcliff with the socially constructed forms of courtship and marriage, Emily Brontà « makes an argument in favor of individual choice. Catherine and Heathcliff both assert that they know the other as themselves, that they are an integral part of each other, and that one’s death will diminish the other immeasurably. This communion, however, is doomed to failure while they live because of social constraints. Heathcliff’s unknown parentage, his poverty, and his lack of education make him an unsuitable partner for a gentlewoman, no matter how liberated her  expressions of independence. Brontà « suggests the possibility of reunion after death when local residents believe they see the ghosts of Heathcliff and Catherine together, but this notion is explicitly denied by Lockwood’s last assertion in the novel, that the dead slumber quietly. The profound influence of Romantic poetry on Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s literary imagination is evident in her development of Heathcliff as a Byronic hero. This characterization contributes to the impossibility of any happy union of Catherine and Heathcliff while they live. Heathcliff looms larger than life, subject to violent extremes of emotion, amenable to neither education nor nurturing. Like Frankenstein’s monster, he craves love and considers revenge the only fit justice when he is rejected by others. Catherine, self-involved and prone to emotional storms, has just enough sense of self-preservation to recognize Heathcliff’s faults, including his amorality. Choosing to marry Edgar Linton is to choose psychic fragmentation and separation from her other self, but she sees no way to reconcile her psychological need for wholeness with the physical support and emotional stability that she requires. Unable to earn a living, dependent on a brother who is squandering the family fo rtune, she is impelled to accept the social privileges and luxuries that Edgar offers. Yet conventional forms of romance provide no clear guide to successful marriage either; both Edgar and his sister, Isabella, suffer by acting on stereotypical notions of love. Edgar does not know Catherine in any true sense, and his attempts to control her force her subversive self-destruction. Isabella, fascinated by the Byronic qualities with which Heathcliff is so richly endowed, believes that she really loves him and becomes a willing victim in his scheme of revenge. What remains is a paradoxical statement about the nature and value of love and a question about whether any love can transcend social and natural barriers. Another theme that Brontà « examines is the effect of abuse and brutality on human nature. The novel contains minimal examples of nurturing, and most instruction to children is of the negative kind that Joseph provides with his lectures threatening damnation. Children demonstrably suffer from a lack  of love from their parents, whose attention alternates between total neglect and physical threats. The novel is full of violence, exemplified by the dreams that Lockwood has when he stays in Wuthering Heights. After being weakened by a nosebleed which occurs when Heathcliff’s dogs attack him, Lockwood spends the night in Catherine Earnshaw’s old room. He dreams first of being accused of an unpardonable sin and being beaten by a congregation in church, then of a small girl, presumably Catherine, who is trying to enter the chamber’s window. Terrified, he rubs her wrist back and forth on a broken windowpane until he is covered in blood. These dreams anticipate further violence: Hindley’s drunken assaults on his son and animals, Catherine’s bloody capture by the Lintons’ bulldog, Edgar’s blow to Heathcliff’s neck, and Heathcliff’s mad head-banging when he learns of Catherine’s death. Heathcliff never recovers from the neglect and abuse that he has experienced as a child; all that motivates him in adulthood is revenge and a philosophy that the weak deserve to be crushed. Hareton presents the possibility that degraded character can be redeemed and improved through the twin forces of education and love, yet this argument seems little more than a way of acknowledging the popular cultural stereotype and lacks the conviction that Brontà « reveals when she focuses on the negative effects of brutality. A third significant theme of Wuthering Heights is the power of the natural setting. Emily Brontà « loved the wildness of the moors and incorporated much of her affection into her novel. Catherine and Heathcliff are most at one with each other when they are outdoors. The freedom that they experience is profound; not only have they escaped Hindley’s anger, but they are free from social restraints and expectations as well. When Catherine’s mind wanders before her death, she insists on opening the windows to breathe the wind off the moors, and she believes herself to be under Penistone Crag with Heathcliff. Her fondest memories are of the times on the moors; the enclosed environment of Thrushcross Grange seems a petty prison. In contrast to Catherine and Heathcliff, other characters prefer the indoors and crave the protection that the houses afford. Lockwood is dependent on the comforts of home and hearth, and the Lintons are portrayed as weaklings because of their  upbringing in a sheltered setting. This method of delineating character by identifying with nature is another aspect of Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s inheritance from the Romantic poets. Themes and MeaningsFew books have been scrutinized as closely as Wuthering Heights. It has been analyzed from every psychological perspective; it has been described as a spiritual or religious novel. Broadly speaking, it is the story of an antihero, Heathcliff, and his attempt to steal Wuthering Heights from its rightful owners, Catherine and Hindley Earnshaw. Thus, in this complex story of fierce passions, Heathcliff is portrayed as a cuckoo, who succeeds in dispossessing the legitimate heirs to Wuthering Heights. His revenge is the driving force behind the plot, though he betrays occasional glimpses of affection for Hareton, the young man whom he has ruined. â€Å"Wuthering† is a dialect word descriptive of the fierceness of the Yorkshire climate, with its â€Å"atmospheric tumult.† The title of the novel refers not only to the farm house and its inhabitants but also to the effect that Heathcliff’s desire for Cathy has on him and those around him. As the story progresses, his nature becomes successively warped, and he loses Cathy. After Heathcliff returns from a self-imposed exile-educated and wealthy-the meetings with Cathy further lacerate his soul and bring ruin to all those around him. Heathcliff’s ultimate revenge is to make Hareton, Hindley’s son, suffer as he did. â€Å"Wuthering,† â€Å"tumult,† and â€Å"stunted growth† apply equally to nature and humans in this novel. Yet no hatred as powerful as Heathcliff’s can sustain itself; it burns too fiercely. When his desire for vengeance has run its course, Heathcliff achieves his greatest wish-to be united with his belove d Catherine. This reunion can take place only in the grave and the spirit world beyond it. During Heathcliff’s life, Wuthering Heights was a hell; it will never become a heaven, but as the second generation of Earnshaw and Linton children grow up free of Heathcliff’s corrupting influence, Emily Brontà « suggests, a spiritual rebirth is possible. Optimism peeps through her dark vision. ConclusionThe meaning of Heathcliff’s exultation in death can be clarified by  the one occasion when he displays that same emotion in life: Hindley’s funeral. At that time, Nelly observes â€Å"something like exultation in [Heathcliff’s] aspect† (p. 230), and the reason for it is obvious: triumphant revenge against the pain and humiliation that Hindley made him suffer in childhood. This link between exultation and revenge implies that Heathcliff’s own death also concerns revenge against pain and humiliation that he has been made to suffer. But this time, the victim of revenge is none other than himself–or, more precisely, as we shall see, his own life. By allowing obsession with the Ghost to usurp the awareness necessary to sustain his own life, Heathcliff avenges himself on the humiliating sense of neglect that life made him suffer. He makes death signify his rejection of life as unworthy of attention. His â€Å"life-like gaze† (p. 411) in death views the living with the same â€Å"sneer† of contempt with which Unlove once regarded him. The relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine thrives as long as vulnerability to the same domestic source of Unlove (i.e., Hindley) unites them. Entry into adulthood frees them from that environment, yet even greater discord follows. Each meets the other in mere oppugnancy. Heathcliff reproaches Catherine for abandoning him: â€Å"Catherine . . . I know you have treated me infernally–infernally!† (p. 138). Catherine is just as convinced that Heathcliff has abandoned her: â€Å"You have killed me and thriven on it† (p. 195). Yet in the midst of this embittered opposition, each protests passionately that he or she loves the other–and only the other. It could not be otherwise. Even as a married couple, the result would have been the same. Without a third party on whom to blame the pain of rejection, Heathcliff and Catherine are doomed both to love and resent each other with equal intensity. For, as we have seen, their love is founded on a paradox: no love unless they share the pain of rejection. In childhood, Hindley inflicted that pain on them. In adulthood, they must inflict it on each other. That is what love formed by Unlove means for them. Hindley’s failure to kill Heathcliff must be understood as a success. Even more than revenge against Heathcliff, Hindley wants pity for his own suffering–and this is exactly what he achieves. After succumbing to the  onslaught of his opponent whom he himself has enraged, Hindley, now unconscious and wounded by his own weapon, is tended by Heathcliff, whose solicitous action, though rough and hasty, underscores the relief implicit in the extremity of pain. Thus, in their desperate struggle on either side of the window, Heathcliff and Hindley are mirror images of the same mentality of Unlove. The violent cruelty of each derives from preoccupation with the loss of love he himself has been made to suffer. On the surface in both cases, revenge for that loss of love seems to be the dominant motive, but actually the most profound one is the wish to end the pain by increasing its intensity. References—–. â€Å"Emily Bronte In and Out of Her Time.† Genre 15.3 (1982): 243-64. —–. â€Å"The Voicing of Feminine Desire in Anne Bronte’s Tenant of Wildfell Hall.† Gender and Discourse in Victorian Literature and Art. Eds. Antony H. Harrison and Beverly Taylor. Dekalb: Northern Illinois UP, 1992. —–. The Novel and the Police. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988, p.13Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel. New York: Oxford UP, 1987, p.47Bersani, Leo. A Future for Astyanax: Character and Desire in Literature. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976, p.19Bronte, Anne. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. 1848. New York: Penguin, 1985, p.32Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. 1848. New York: Penguin, 1984, p.72Brophy, Julia, and Carol Smart. â€Å"From Disregard to Disrepute: The Position of Women in Family Law.† Feminist Review 9 (1981): 3-16. Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850. London: Hutchinson, 1987, p.27Donzelot, Jacques. The Policing of Families. New York: Pantheon, 1979, p.64Eagleton, Terry. Myths of Power: A Marxist Study of the Brontes. 2nd ed. London: MacMillan, 1988, p.27Forsyth, William. A Treatise on the Law Relating to the Custody of Infants, in Cases of Difference Between Parents or Guardians. Philadelphia: Johnson, 1850, p.49Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1979, p.52Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979, p.84Goff, Barbara Munson. â€Å"Between Natural Theology and Natural Selection: Breeding the Human Animal in Wuthering Heights.† Victorian Studies 27.4 (1984): 477-508. Gordon, Jan B. â€Å"Gossip, Diary, Letter, Text: Anne Bronte’s Narrative Tenant and the Problematic of the Gothic Sequel.† ELH 51.4 (1984): 719-45. Graveson, R.H., and F.R. Crane. A Century of Family Law: 1857-1957. London: Sweet, 1957, p.26Holcombe, Lee. Wives and Property: Reform of the Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-Century England. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1983, p.52Jacobs, N.M. â€Å"Gender and Layered Narrative in Wuthering Heights and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.† The Journal of Narrative Technique 16.3 (1986): 204-19. Kunert, Janet. â€Å"Borrowed Beauty and Bathos: Anne Bronte, George Eliot, and Mortification.† Research Studies 46.4 (1978): 237-47. Langland, Elizabeth. Anne Bronte: The Other One. Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1989, p.27Levy, Anita. Other Women: The Writing of Class, Race, and Gender, 1837-1898. Princeton: Princeton UP: 1991, p.74McMaster, Juliet. â€Å"‘Imbecile Laughter’ and ‘Desperate Earnest’ in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.† Modern Language Quarterly 43.4 (1982): 352-68. Miller, D.A. Narrative and Its Discontents: Problems of Closure in the Traditional Novel. Princeton, Princeton UP, 1981, p.37Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England, 1850-1895. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1989, p.61Siegel, Carol. â€Å"Postmodern Women Novelists Review Victorian Male Masochism.† Genders 11 (1991): 1-16.

Basic Kitchen Organization

Basic Kitchen Organization Food Processing Kitchen (Commissary Kitchen) -In large operations, it is a kitchen for the processing of all vegetables, salads and fruits -Purpose: to wash peel and sanitize and cut all raw products, increase hygienic and sanitary standards of a kitchen, reduce waste Cold/Pantry Kitchen (Garde Manger) -Produces all cold food items – salads, dressings, cold platters, terrines, pates, sushi/sashimi, cheese, fruits,etc. -If there is no in-house butchery, also responsible for processing and portioning all meat, fish and seafood items Butchery In charge of processing and portioning all meat, fish, and seafood -In large operations, it will also produce processed meats and seafood items such as sausages, smoked ham, cooked ham, smoked fish and seafood, etc. Main Kitchen -In charge of producing hot dishes for the various outlets, hot basic sauces for all operations -If there is no banquet kitchen, it will also produce the hot food for banquet and catering f unctions -May also provide the staff food in certain operations Banquet Kitchen -Generally, is a finishing kitchen – a satellite kitchen for garnishing, final sauces and service -Large operations may have this as a full kitchenRestaurant Kitchen -Generally, finishing kitchens, except specialty kitchens such as Western Fine Dining, Japanese, Chinese, etc. -Coffee Shop Classified here. Room Service Kitchen -Room service food is generally provided by individual restaurant kitchens -Larger operations have a separate room service kitchen -Offer a la carte items from all their restaurants Staff Canteen -Large operations generally have a small staff canteen -Partly supported by the main kitchen, cold kitchen, and butchery. Pastry and bakery provide desserts and breads.Pastry Kitchen -In charge of producing all types of cold, warm and frozen desserts (pralines, cookies, sugar work, marzipan work, etc. ) Bakery -In charge of all baking requirements such as breads, crusts and doughs. K itchen Organization Chart Kitchen Brigade Corporate Chef -Highest position for a chef in a hotel chain or chain of restaurants. -Responsible for overseeing standards in all hotels/restaurants in that chain -Creates new food concept ideas for all hotels or certain regions -Oversees new hotels and renovations Executive Chef (Chef de Cuisine) Administrative and operational responsibility for all daily kitchen operations on one hotel -Ensures that all supply requirements for all operations are in place -Develops and implements new menus, promotions and festivals -Evaluates based on recommendations, promotes or dismisses staff -Directly interacts with banquet and sales and marketing to produce special menus for functions or groups staying in the hotel -Updates the food and beverage director -Responsible for the monthly food cost of his/her department Executive Sous Chef (Working Chef) -Immediate assistant of the EC -Directly supervises all operational activities In charge of certain admi nistrative work such as duty rosters, evaluation of his/her immediate subordinates, coordination for function set ups, or special promotional setups. Sous Chef -Commonly in charge of an outlet kitchen or section -Run directly the day-to-day of outlet operations -Directly coordinate with the Executive Sous-Chef -Responsible for supplies, proper staffing, and food quality -Appraise and interview new staff and recommend promotions and dismissal of staff. Section Chef – Chef de Partie -Sauce Cook – Saucier oPrepares all meat, game, poultry, fish and warm appetizers w/ hot/warm sauces -Broiler Cook – Rotisseur All grilled dishes, roasts, and dishes that are oven roasted or deep-fat fried -A la Carte Cook – Restaurteur oPrepares al a carte dishes -Fish Cook – Poissonier oRelieves the sauce cook from the preparation of fish and seafood dishes -Vegetable Cook – Entremetier oPreparation of soups, vegetables, potatoes, pasta, warm cheese and egg dishe s -Pantry Cook – Garde Manger oSupervises all cold food preparations: Salads, cold appetizer, dressings cold sauces, buffet platters and decorations. oIf there is no butchery, bones and portions all meat, game, poultry, and fish oResponsible for monitoring all chillers and freezers Butcher – Boucher de Cuisine oHandles meat, fish and seafood, if they are professionally trained butchers, also prepare processed meats -Swing Chef – Chef Tournant oReliever for the Chefs de Partie and generally an experienced chef -Duty Cook – Chef de Garde oFor restaurants with a split shift – stays on duty during the lean afternoon hours or late evening hours -Dietitian – Dietetcien oAdvisory position – prepares special diet menus and calculates nutritional values for guests with special needs -Demi-Chef oPosition between rank and file and supervisor Stronger cook than a commis, but not experienced enough to be a chef de partie oTakes on supervisory func tions of chef de partie in their absence -Staff Cook – Cuisinier pour le personnel oPrepares the meals for the staff if there is a staff kitchen Pastry, Confisserie and Bakery -Pastry Chef – Patissier oPrepares cold, warm and frozen sweet dishes as well as baked items if there is no bakeshop in the operation oSupervises all necessary ingredient requisitions, evaluation, hiring and dismissal of the staff oReports directly to the executive chef, coordinates with the executive-sous chef -Confisseur Prepares all specialties with chocolate and special cookies (petit-fours) oSpecialist in sugar and marzipan work -Chief Baker – Boulanger oResponsible for all bread and dough preparation required by the pastry and kitchen Cooking Methods and Techniques 14 Cooking Methods MethodWhere it’s doneTemperature BlanchingStove Deep-Fat FryerWater: 100Â °C Oil: 130Â °C-150Â °C PoachingStove/OvenStove: 65Â °C-80Â °C Oven: 165Â °C Boiling or SimmeringStoveBoiling: 100Â °C Simmering: 95Â °C – 98Â °C SteamingStove/Steamer100Â °C – 120Â °C Deep Fat FryingDeep Fat Fryer170Â °C – 180Â °CSauteing or Pan-FryingStove165Â °C – 200Â °C GrillingGrill240Â °C – 190Â °C Gratinate or Au GratinOven/Salamander240Â °C – 280Â °C BakingOven130Â °C – 260Â °C RoastingOven200Â °C – 220Â °C Finishing: 180Â °C Butter RoastingOvenStart: 140Â °C Finish: 160Â °C Braising/GlazingOven Meat Oven Vegetables Start: 200Â °C Cook: 160Â °C – 180Â °C Start: 140Â °C Finish: 160Â °C Glazing VegetablesStoveCook: 95Â °C – 98Â °C StewingStove95Â °C – 98Â °C Blanching -Cooking method used to pre-cook, cook or sanitize an ingredient for another cooking method or for preservation oAlternative method for blanching in hot water is steaming Method – can either be starting with cold or hot water or in oil -Why do we blanch: oTo clean and sanitize oTo destroy enzymes oTo prevent ingred ients from sticking oTo improve the color of ingredients oTo pre-cook ingredients for another method oTo pre-cook an ingredient for preserving Poaching -For cooking tender ingredients which are high in protein at a low temperature (65Â °C – 80Â °C) -Where do we poach: oOn the stove, in liquid oOn the stove, in a water bath oIn the oven, in a water bath oIn a low/high pressure steamer in -How do we poach: oPoach, Floating in liquid oPoach in shallow Liquid Poach in a water bath with stirring oPoach in a water bath without stirring -To prevent tender meat parts, fish, egg and recipes containing egg from being over cooked and broken apart Boiling or Simmering -Boiling or simmering starting with cold water with a lid oFor Dried Vegetables, Potatoes and legumes oFor vegetable side dishes and soups (food items which are not delicate and do not change shape) oSo food can further absorb water and tenderize faster -Boiling and simmering without a lid oFor vegetables and starch based recipes, 98Â °C – 100Â °C oVegetable side dishes, rice dishes, pasta dishes and eggs To achieve rapid boiling point so that ingredients cook faster without excessive loss of nutrients and flavors -Simmering oFor stocks and soups, 95Â °C – 98Â °C oSimmer with out a lid to monitor liquids oStocks and clear soups become cloudy when boiled -Simmering starting with hot water with a lid oFor Meat, poultry, variety meats, fowl oStews, tongue, boiled beef, oThese ingredients don’t need to be monitored as they are stewed and contain sauce oSimmer with a lid to prevent excessive evaporation Steaming -For items that you usually poach, you can also steam Reduced cooking time with heat above 100Â °C retains flavor, color and nutrients better -Food stays drier and can immediately be used for further processing -Preserves ingredient shape very well as there is no agitation -Different kinds of ingredients can be cooked at the same time without absorbing each others flavor -Disadvantage: there is no liquid to prepare the sauce from Deep-Fat Frying -Meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, potato, fruits, mushrooms, pastries -Done in plant fat (shortening) at 170Â °C – 180Â °C -Basic rules in deep fat frying: oUse only heat-resistant and non-foamy oils Ensure proper temperature at 170Â °C – 180Â °C and never heat oil above 200Â °C oIf not in use, turn fryer temperature down to 90Â °C oNever season with salt or any other seasoning above the deep fat fryer oNever fry fish and pastry items in the same oil than other products oNever cover the deep fat fryer when in use oNever cover deep fat-fried foods as they become soggy oEveryday, filter fryer oil and clean deep fat fryer to remove frying particles which have settled on the bottom of the fryer oNever use oil that foams and causes eye and lung irritation smoke at 180Â °C Sauteing (Pan Frying) in a Stainless steel pan Use a stainless steel pan to produce pan drippings oSo you can deglaze the pan drippings oAdd flavor and color to the sauce Sauteing (Pan Frying) in a Non-Stick pan -Sauteing meat, vegetables, potatoes, mushrooms, eggs, etc. -Use a non-stick pan when sauteing ingredient that do not need a sauce to be made after. -Can also be done on a flat-top griddle, but like the non-stick pan, you cannot produce any sauce after Grilling and Broiling -For portioned and generally marinated meat, fish, seafood, poultry, vegetables, potato and mushrooms. Ingredients may be wrapped in aluminum oil -Healthy cooking method – fat-free – but it is important not to burn ingredients because this can produce carcinogens Gratinating or Au Gratin -Method used for finishing, food is already generally cooked. -Food is always covered with ingredients that brown well (ex. egg & cream, cheese, batters, sauces, etc. ) -After applying the coating or crust, ingredients are browned under the salamander or in the oven under high upper heat -Eggs, soups, sauces, cheese, fish, sea food, poultry, meat, pasta, vegetables, potatoes and desserts are commonly gratinated -Browning is done for flavor and presentationBaking -Mainly used in the hot kitchen to bake meat in a dough, crust or w/ savory souffles and savory starts -Mainly used in the pastry and bakery in the production Roasting in the oven -Done with tender and large pieces of meat which are only cut after cooking -Potatoes may also be roasted -Tender meat parts are roasted as the proteins are soft and do not require liquid to tenderize hem -Important that there is enough fat, to prevent drying out Braising in the oven -Food is cooked in a small amount of liquid in the oven or in a pressure cooker -Used for meat and fowl with high connective tissue Generally ingredients are braised whole and cut before serving -Slow cooking method where food is gently cooked in the oven over a long period of time where the product is tenderized Glazing of vegetables -Commonly for root, knob and fruit vegetables, also chest nuts and water chestnuts Glazing of White Meat -For white meat and poultry with low connective tissue -When glazing white meats, the product will have a shiny brown crust and moist, tender meats due to the slow cooking processStewing meat on the stove -Used for pre-cut meat or poultry with high connective tissue -Generally stewed with a large amount of liquid -Usually national recipes of countries, with many variations -Onions usually an ingredient, it is important to properly glaze them so they release the juices which become syrupy and eventually turn brownish Stewing of fruits and vegetables -Usually vegetables from the fruit vegetable family -Generally used to make compotes, fruit puree or fruit sauce

Central Bank for GCC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Central Bank for GCC - Research Paper Example International financial crisis in the recent years calls for monetary integration and regional cooperation of the countries for efficiently dealing with the crises and protecting the interests of the member countries. The monetary policies of a central bank plays pivotal role in regulating interest rates and inflation in the countries with a view to ensure economic growth. The monetary policies of a central bank have impact on various economic factors such as employment, liquidity in the system and stability of the currencies. Central bank proposed for the GCC countries aims at financial stability in the GCC countries with a view to reorient the strategies of the group countries in response to the dynamic international economic situation and to promote economic cooperation among the group countries. Therefore, the structure of the central bank should be designed to achieve these objectives in relation to the group countries. ... Under the monetary policies of GCC central bank, stability in exchange rate could be achieved. The member countries of GCC peg their currencies to USD and their interest rates are fixed based on the changes interest rates in US. Adjustments in interest rates in sync with US policy might have negative impacts on domestic economies of the GCC countries. Currency unification is expected to delink pegging of GCC currencies to USD. The member countries are not yet prepared for monetary union. There are differences in economic fundamentals among the countries. Trading and transactions within the region is very limited, and the countries are mostly dependent on oil exports. Lack of efforts towards economic integration and institutional development are the important drawbacks. The differences in the economic policies followed by the GCC countries would make the unification process difficult. Three different methods used to test the GCC economies by Abu-Bader and Abu-Qarn (2006), the Structur al VAR, co-integration tests and common business cycles provide no support for establishing a monetary union (AlKholifey & Alreshan, p. 19). They also observed ‘that neither AD nor AS shocks are symmetrical between the GCC countries and the selected European countries’ (p. 20) while AD refers to Aggregate Demand and AS, Aggregate Supply. Structure of the suggested Central Bank for GCC Monetary union in GCC can stimulate uniformity in macroeconomic policies within the union and inter alia improve investment options and allocation of resources within the region. Fundamental factor involved in establishing central bank or monetary union is convergence of monetary, fiscal and structural policies of the member countries. According to Sturm and Siegfried (2005, p. 63), ‘monetary union

How Are Women Influenced by Contemporary Islamic Movements Today Research Paper

How Are Women Influenced by Contemporary Islamic Movements Today - Research Paper Example A historical insight reveals that the inception of the concept of ‘Islamic Feminism’ had its roots in Egyptian society. In the modern context, the revolt of women in the Muslim society in gaining an equal social and religious image gave a further spurt to the concept of ‘Islamic Feminism’1. The religion of Islam has a considerable impact on the women class of society from time immemorial. Women of the modern period are found to use the same religion to gain a better place in society. The growth of Islamic activism in the Muslim countries is found to render significant impact on woman class of such societies. An observation of religious fundamentalist activities practised in countries like Pakistan, Egypt, Iran and Lebanon reflect on the identification of women as a single and different class in the social order. Moreover, it is found that the Islamic religion is moving forward to earn a close relationship with the issue of anti-women movements throughout the world. To this end, it is observed that the global Muslim society uses women to symbolize their religious solidarity and religious ethnicity. This large amount of stress rendered to identify women as a separate social class and use of them to highlight a religious body dampens the spirit of humanity in women. It is found that women in the Muslim religious society are often tied to issues of social values and code of conducts produced by the conservative practices. Further, the growth of a Muslim state is clos ely believed to be associated with increasing the control over the women class. It is observed that even in the contemporary Muslim world the women are not allowed to have a choice on their dress codes. The women in the Muslim countries have to cover up their faces in a veil, which reflects them to be belonging to a definite religious class. Equally, the women  are governed to bear certain definite social conducts as would reflect them in being Muslims. In regards to setting up a distinct dress code for women, the Muslim religion cites certain specific advantages in regards to Muslim households.

Women's Health. Health Care Disparity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Health. Health Care Disparity - Essay Example There are factors that cause barriers for the people to get proper health care that they need. These factors are causing significant differences or gaps in the quality of health care received by the people. This means that there exists a disparity when it comes to health care. Health care disparity led to the unequal provision or access to health care services. The areas where health care disparities are attributed are the gender, race/ethnicity and the socioeconomic status determined by the income and level of education attained. Gender-based health care disparity caused the significant differences that exist in the quality of health care received by women and men. And because women’s bodies are different from men’s, they may also have different health care needs. But among women, there are also disparities in the quality of health care that they received. Some women may face barriers to health care. Their race/ethnicity, age and their socioeconomic status affect women ’s access to health care. Women’s health care use and health outcomes rely on the adequacy of access that they have to the health care services. Women’s access to health care also depends on their health insurance (AHQR, 2005).

Panopticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Panopticism - Essay Example Panopticon made discipline more economical and efficient compared to other forms of discipline and further represented power and control due to minimal human operations associated with it. No prisoner would realize that they were being watched from the tower (Foucault 195-200). The panopticon could be operated by anybody and would be used in very many places apart from prison cells. Key words; power, discipline, panopticon, disciplinary It is undeniable that the world would be a better claim when power and discipline is applied in effective gaining of control; this is because panopticon is used to represent discipline and power and further transformation of disciplinary techniques. Concept of panopticism is very evident in the current society where there is devolvement of power and administration services. For instance, a strict spatial partitioning and dividing the town into distinct quarters and every quarter governed by an intendant was the order of the day. Every street was put u nder control of a syndic who would keep it under strict surveillance in such a way that if he left the city he would be convicted to death. Everyone was ordered to stay within and the syndic would lock all the doors from outside before handing over keys to the intendant because no one was allowed to leave on death pain. Just like the panopticim, there are several divisions of administration put in place to reach the citizens at the grassroots level. A federal government for example, has some of its powers transferred to the states and even further in smaller divisions. There is one central power with several branches that everyone looks up to. Idea of plague has been used as a base of creating discipline just like other criminal acts such as terrorism in the current society. Disciplinary mechanism was introduced by the fear of the plague and this act as the origin of all the modern punishment. Visibility from the Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon tower is used as a trap. It was pos sible to see every individual including a schoolboy or prisoner being incarcerated but the victims could not communicate with each other. Terrorism is considered as one of the major crimes in the current society and the government has therefore created some divisions such as Afghanistan as some of the hot spots. Sentences related to terrorism are very severe thus causing fear amongst the public. Communication sector is being manipulated just to ensure minimal terror by scrutinizing any form of communication or money transfers. Just like in panopticism, the crowd was put away from this and the tower brought a sense of visibility that represented a functioning authority. Power is believed to be visible though unverifiable as a prisoner would always see the tower but remains ignorant about where is watched or observed. Panopticism concept can be compared with the current Intelligence and correctional facilities used in testing behaviors and capturing criminals. Panopticon is grounded o n the royal zoo at Versailles as it allows to do the work of naturalist and also acts as a laboratory of power. It is laboratory of power because it provides a base in which prisoners and staffs are tested. It is also apparent that the plague afflicted town and the tower depicts change of disciplinary program. FBI has the responsibility of putting suspects on the radar and testing their behaviors or monitoring their behaviors before capturing them. this is a common activity carried out particularly while pursuing terrorists. Panopticism symbolizes the wider police force employed at various stations across the country to maintain law and order in the modern world.The tower

Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Stem Cell Legislation - Research Paper Example This paper shall discuss the history of stem cell research legislation in the United States. It shall discuss how such history compares with similar statutes around the world. The current legislative state of affairs shall also be considered, as well as the possible direction of the laws in the United States should be taken. Various studies and literature shall be considered to establish a clear and comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Discussion What is the history of Stem Cell Research Legislation in the United States? According to Deem (2004), stem cell research on humans was first seen in the 1960s, with some success achieved in the treatment of a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder. Following this success, efforts to achieve a similar success was attempted in the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders and different types of leukemia and blood disorders (Deem, 2004). Based on the success achieved for the abovementioned diseases, many people have expressed their support for the necessity of stem cell research. ... He claimed that carrying out such type of research is a threat to the unborn human life, and the government must therefore not support such procedures. The 109th and 110th Congress implemented bills which were set to overturn Bush’s position, however Bush vetoed both bills (Science Progress, 2009). In the 109th Congress, both houses approved the bill (subsequently signed by Bush) which prevented the creation of human fetuses which had the sole purpose of destroying them, as well as harvesting their body parts (Cord Bankings, 2010). A bill was also passed in order to support research into the creation of stem cell lines without damaging embryos (CBS, 2009). In 2005, the US Congress set forth the passage of the Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Act of 2005. This was a national law which established new public banking and research facilities; this law was also set to encourage medical practitioners in increasing awareness of cord blood donations to pregnant women (Cord Blood Ban king, 2010). President Barack Obama in 2009, ended the ban on allowing federal taxpayer dollars to fund significantly broader research on embryonic stem cells. Obama’s decision provides support for research on healthier and better ways to create treatment for diseases (CBS, 2009). How does it compare to comparable statutes in the rest of the world? The controversy regarding the passage of stem cell laws around the world are more or less similar various territories. Most of these laws and countries with stem cell research laws seem to agree on the significant difference that the research can bring to various sick individuals. In Africa, there are few laws which regulate embryonic stem cell research and the only country which actually has a significant research

Competitive Advantage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competitive Advantage - Research Paper Example Companies can only achieve and sustain competitive advantage if only their services and means of delivering them demonstrate crucial attributes that correspond to the crucial purchasing criteria of a crucial group of clients. Similarly, sustained competitive advantage results from the long-term difference between goods and services of one company and the products of its rivals in the customers’ mind. In the modern business environment, companies compete in a dynamic and challenging environment that has been changed by various factors ranging from globalization, uncertainty, abrupt changes to increasing information technology uses (Whitley, 2007). Therefore, attaining and sustaining competitive advantage is the main concern in the mind of many leaders in the competitive and moderately growth markets that characterize various modern businesses and competitive advantage sources are of crucial interest for many organizations in the modern business. ... Core competencies are crucial for organizational competitive advantage and performance as they imply the abilities and skills for effective resource deployment through the processes and tasks of an organization. It is a cross-functional capabilities combination and coordination, for instance, a competency in development of products in one part of the firm may be a result of an integration of capabilities of systems of information management, marketing abilities and product and service production capabilities in that division. These capabilities are fundamental to an organization attaining competitive advantage (Dosi, Nelson, & Winter, 2000). When analyzing core competencies of an organization, managers should realize that competition among organization is a race for mastery of competence to secure market position and power. Core competencies are increasingly crucial organization’s ability because of its relevance to the prosperity of the organization in the marketplace. The co mpany can use its competencies to develop their unique products and services and market them to gain more profits than their competitors. Similarly, choosing people with required skill and expertise, upgrading or expanding employee’s capacities through training enhances the competitive advantage of the company. As the experience builds up the organization reaches the level of its ability to carry its activities effectively, at a manageable cost and the capacity to start converting it into the true competitive advantage. Organisational resources and capability is crucial competitive advantage source for the success and growth of the organization in the marketplace (Porter, 2004).  Ã‚  

Therapies Order Essay Example for Free

Therapies Order Essay What is the major point/hypothesis? If there are any subthemes, list them. This section is a roadmap for you and the reader. It tells where you are going and what you are going to discuss. Make sure you discuss the article very well as though I have not read it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we study human behavior, specifically focusing on the development of personality and crucial to how a person or individual conducts him/herself, psychology offers a variety of dimensions. The concept of personality is central to our attempt to understand ourselves and others and is part of the way in which we account for the differences that contribute to our individuality. Psychologists have been particularly concerned with shaping of the personality in relation to genetic and environmental influences. We have been fortunate that the study of human personality has been thriving and fruitful. We can choose from as many models we can to help us see ourselves better and maintain good relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     For the thrust that this paper is taking, I wish to mention then my views individually, on Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Existential, Humanistic, and   Family Systems therapies.. -The Behavioral   model utilizes what is termed as the learning theory posited by Skinner and Watson and the rest of the Behaviorism school. It assumes that the principles in learning i.e., conditioning (Associative and Operant) are effective means to effect change in an individual. Generally, the thrust of this theoretical perspective is focused on the symptoms that a person is experiencing. Just as many of the errors of the patterns of behavior come from learning from the environment, it is also assumed that an individual will be able to unlearn some if not all these by using the techniques as applied based on the learning principles. To a certain extent I believe that this still works: reinforcements are effective to some extent and in some or many people hence I am incorporating this stance separate or distinct from the Cognitive-Behavioral approach.   In behavior therapy therefore, thoughts, feelings and all those â€Å"malfunctioning† and unwanted manifestations revealed in one’s activities can be unlearned and the work of a behavior therapist. The basic concepts include â€Å"extinguishing† – utilized when maladaptive patterns are then weakened and removed and in their place habits that are healthy are established (developed and strengthened) in a series or progressive approach called â€Å"successive approximations. When these (factors) are reinforced such as through rewards in intrinsic and extrinsic means, the potential of a more secure and steady change in behavior is developed and firmly established (Rubinstein et al., 20074; Corey, 2004). Cognitive-Behavioral therapy. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist.† With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Psychoanalytic therapy. The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). The Existential approach, as put forward by Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger, Rollo May, and Frankl, believes that the individual’s potential may lie dormant but that it is there waiting to be ushered in time. It recognizes that man is able to achieve great heights and that these are just waiting to be tapped not only by him/herself but that also when helped by a practitioner who is persuaded of this notion. It examines such major issues as free will and the challenges of exercising this free will, the issue of mortality, loneliness and in general, the meaning of life. The Therapy is effective when the practitioner works with elderly care and death and dying issues. It focuses on the individual needs but takes into consideration the significant relationships and the meanings they bring into the person’s life. Transcending the issues and problems are primary intentions of the therapist at the same time being realistic that certain limitations do exist and may hinder the process of recovery (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Humanistic therapy. Allport, Bugental, Buhler, Maslow Rollo May, Murphy, Murray, Fritz Perls and Rogers are those that helped usher in the Humanistic theory and consequent therapy. It holds in view the individual as possessing the options or freedom to choose, creativity, and the capability to attain a state where he/she is more aware, freer, responsible and worthy of trust. Because the human mind has immense potential, the approach assesses as well that forces from the environment bear on with the individual and depending on the interplay that occurs within the individual person, the result will either be destructive or constructive to the person. In sum, humanism takes into the perspective that essentially humans are good and not evil, and that the therapy facilitates by harnessing on the human potential through the development of interpersonal skills. This results to an enhanced quality life and the individual becomes an asset rather than a liability to the society where he revolves in (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Family-Systems therapy. This theoretical viewpoint has been the by-product of the works of Bateson, Minuchin, Bowen, Ackerman and many others. Usually done in pairs or by a team of practitioners, family systems therapy has its roots in behavioral and psychoanalytic principles. This model understands that the family is a unit and its members or any of its members with an issue or a problem must be addressed in the context of the family as a unit. It puts its emphasis on the relationships among the family members, their patterns of communication more than their individual traits and/or symptoms. The systems theory portion of the therapy indicates that whatever is occurring or happening is not isolated but is a working part of a bigger context. In the family systems approach then, no individual person can be understood when removed from his relationships whether in the present or past, and this is specially focused on the family he belongs to (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). How does this essay relate to the chapter being studied and the class? Identify the portions of the text, that it relates to and explain how it is relevant. This means relate it to as many chapters in the text that are appropriate and explain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay essentially facilitates reflection by the student and enhances the understanding and comprehension of the material. The absorption of the concepts is crucial and the fundamental method or approach is to enlighten the student by digesting the topics through explaining in their own words, interpreting these into their contexts. 3. Why is this topic important to the chapter and to psychology? Use examples from the chapter to back-up your response(s). I do not want to know your opinions. I want you to have evidence for whatever it is you are proposing. How can you relate this to your everyday life?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The therapies are the crucial aspects to the successful reduction or elimination of the illnesses suffered by human individuals. These are the interventions devised and posited by man to address not only the symptoms that are indicative of the problems. The evidence-based researches point to their effectiveness (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT by Beck and Ellis’ RBT) to various disorders. Psychology cannot advance when the interventions are not discussed or even discovered. One of the goals of psychology is the modification or control of the behavior which may be detrimental to the client and here is where the therapies come in to try to satisfy this goal.

Theories of Management in Small Businesses

Theories of Management in Small Businesses A Stationery Business Small businesses nowadays find it very hard to survive. Everyone is forced to embrace new changes in the environment he lives in due to global economy. Individuals in the work place are the basis of the performance of an organization, especially with the knowledge they bring along. In todays society, organizations are expected to provide the best quality available. This is where management takes place. Managers ensure the workers are using their energy to the maximum by supporting them, and also monitoring the environment to make sure the organization is maximizing its performance (Porter 1998). Management is made up of four parts which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Managers in the modern world must gain human and technical skills to succeed in the business world, as they must take risky decisions at some point. This essay talks about the four topics of management: workplace, management history, organization environment, and international organization. The essay also talks about a business idea to be formed at the UWA business school where it will use the different points. To take advantage of the workers, employers should help them by providing a relaxing work environment which respects work-life balance and which offers rewards. Nowadays, work requirements changed. They require employees have a set of skills in order to gain value in an organization( Evans 2015) . In addition, individuals in an organization must learn new technology skills, because nowadays, the internet is modifying the structure of organizations. For an organization to survive in the competitive world, it must offer quality services to the society which would lead to satisfied customers. This is how the performance of an organization is determined. The manager reviews the performance of an organization and makes decisions and certain changes so that the organization functions as planned and to reach the desired vision. To achieve that, the management process must be applied. It is made up of 4 steps (Cheng 2010). The first step is planning, where the manager states the goals that n eed to be reached. The second step is controlling which is done by monitoring the performance of the organization and comparing it to the results. The third step is organizing by allocating resources and giving roles to employees and groups. The last step is leading. Managers encourage the workers to do their best so that goals can be reached. Despite the fact that businesses are obliged to adapt to the new changing environments, managements history must not be ignored. Management can be approached in many ways that have evolved over time (Kilmann 1986).   Classical approach notes that universal work ethics are used in various states of management. The behavioural approach concludes that the worker is an important asset of the organization and plays a vital role in its performance, that is why, workers are given rewards and easy work schedules. The third approach is quantitative and it relies on math and complex calculations such as mathematical forecasting to take final decisions. The modern approach is the latest one and it states that organizations must adapt to the constant change of the environment and peoples needs. In the modern worlds, organizations need to be ahead of the game, monitoring any changes in the environment and to act immediately (Spicer 2011). That is why organizations must have a clear vision of its goals in order to succeed in a competitive world. Organizations have internal and external environments. Internal environments form the culture inside the organization which shapes its personality and how the people inside interact with each other. The external environment focuses on the external variables that directly affect the organization, such as the customers, or economy or laws governing the country (Borrello 2015). Organizations who embrace a robust culture inside   perform much better than others because its workers respect each other and the business ensures everyone is equal. Everyone is paid the same and treated the same regardless of their race and cultural differences. International management was found when organizations were created in different countries around the world (Ohmae 1996). The global manager is aware of every organization and its environment. However, the international business is affected by the global economy since countries and economies have become interdependent. Organizations who are willing to become international, must acquire skills related to export and import, in addition to sourcing (Kramar 2001). I have decided to open a stationery in the UWA Business school. The reason for this is because students do not have enough time to go outside the campus and purchase their stationery needs. In addition, students will always need to buy books, copybooks and other study material. This will save time and will provide low prices to students with a Student ID. The stationery will provide new technologies such as wireless printing and digital printing cards so that students can print before even coming to the store, thus, saving more time. Employees will be university students who are passionate about helping other students with their research or materials of study. That is why the workers at my business will be given routine trainings to ensure they gain new skills. They will be given rewards for helping more students, and a flexible work schedule to study at the university and work at the same time. The performance of the business will be monitored and changes will be done based on the o utcome. Changes can be introducing new services such as graphic design services and even coupons which offer cheaper prices. In conclusion, the performance of an organization is determined by different managerial processes. Customers expect businesses to always provide perfect quality of product or service. However, this can be fulfilled only if the organization takes care of its people and supports their talents. Managers must ensure that employees are learning new skills especially in the technology field since the internet has changed the equations and everything has become connected together. Managers role is to set a clear vision for the organization and to monitor the results of a certain plan, then compare the results with the performance in order to perform the necessary changes within an organization. References Michael E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations: With a New Introduction (New York: Free Press, 1998). Simon Evans, Blackmores to Give Six Weeks Bonus Pay for 900 Staff After Pro t Surge, The Sydney Morning Herald à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨(26 August 2015), www.smh.com.au. V. Cheng, J. Rhodes and P. Lok, A Framework for Strategic Decision Making and Performance Among Chinese Managers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 21, no. 9 (2010), pp. 1373-95. Ralph H. Kilmann, Mary J. Saxton and Roy Serpa, Issues in Understanding and Changing Corporate Culture, California à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Management Review, vol. 28 (1986), pp. 87-94 David P. Spicer, Changing culture: A Case Study of a Merger Using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Cognitive Mapping, Journal of Change Management, vol. 11, no. 2 (2011), pp. 245-64. Eliza Borrello, China FTA: Labor Agrees to Support Free Trade Deal; Says New Agreement Secures Protections for Workers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ABC News (21 October 2015), www.abc.net.au/news. Kenichi Ohmaes books include The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper, 1989); The End of the Nation State (New York: Free Press, 1996) Robin Kramar, Managing Diversity: Challenges and Future Directions, in Retha Wiesner and Bruce Millett (eds), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Management and Organisational Behaviour: Contemporary Challenges and Future Directions (Brisbane: John Wiley à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Sons, 2001).

Bisleri Company Profile

Bisleri Company Profile According to a report by Ikon, a marketing consulting company, the packaged water industry is estimated at Rs.8000 crore currently and is expected to touch Rs.10000 crore by the end of the fiscal 2012-13. It may also touch the Rs.15000 crore mark by 2015, according to the report. The industry has seen a compound annual growth rate of about 19%. Parles Bisleri has the highest market share of about 36%, followed by Coca-colas Kinley which has a market share of about 25% , followed by Aquafina which has a market share of about 15%. Indias percapita consumption is about 30 litres which is less than the global average of 40 litres. In India, South India tops the consumption followed by Western India which is the home for all the major national packaged water brands. In the Natural water category, which is a niche segment where the brand Himalayan water has been a leader has now entered into the Indian market, after being overtaken by the Tata group. Company Profile of Bisleri : History : (1)Bisleri was originally an Italian company created Felice Bisleri, who first brought the idea of selling bottled water in India. Bisleri then was introduced inÂÂ  MumbaiÂÂ  in glass bottles in two varieties bubbly still in 1965. ParleÂÂ  bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. in 1969 and started bottling water in glass bottles under the brand name Bisleri. Later Parle switched over to PVC non-returnable bottles finally advanced to PET containers. In 1995 Ramesh J. Chauhan started expanding Bisleri operations. In 2003 Bisleri announced its venture to Europe. All shares are held by Mr Ramesh J Chauhan and his family. The brand name Bisleri is so popular in India that it is used as a generic nameÂÂ  for bottled water. According to the companys website, Bisleri invests 10 milion litres of rain water every year. More than just an initiative its a clear reflection of Bisleris outlook to life, whether its products, people or profitability. As one of the worlds most trusted brands, Bisleri is leading the way in bringin about positive change in our daily lives. Some initiatives involve small communities, others involve the entire population, but they are both a part of the meaningful revolution called the Aqua green revolution. Vision: (2) According to the companys website the vision of Bisleri is : The Aqua Green Revolution began with an ambitious dream: An India in which every person has uninterrupted access to scientifically purified and fortified drinking water, irrespective of geographical barriers or economic limitations. Product: Besides Mineral water, Bisleri also produces Bisleri Soda and Bisleri Vedica Natural Spring water. The purification process of Bisleri mineral water involves a six-stage purification process. In the first stage, the ground water is ozonized to destroy the virus and bacteria. The next step involves purification by sand filter which removes coarse particles up to 30 microns in size. A carbon filter is then used to remove color and odor, followed by Reverse Osmosis to filter harmful minerals and salts. The following step involves fortification of water with minerals. Finally the water is ozonized once more to ensure zero-contamination during packaging and storing. Bisleri with added minerals is available in 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 litre and 2 litre bottles and 5 litre, 15 litre and 20 litre jars. Price: Product No.of Bottles in case MRP/Case 250 ml 24 144 500 ml 20 200 1 litre 12 180 2 litre 9 225 5 litre 1 35 15 litre 1 60 20 litre 1 80 Promotion : Bisleri is promoted through TV and print media aggressively. Every opportunity to interact with the customer is used to promote the product. For example, all the vehicles used for supply are painted in green, bearing the BISLERI logo and slogans like Drink and Drive. In 2008, competing with the other brands in the mountain water category, the brand adopted a tv commercial that reflected spirituality, carrying the tagline The sweet taste of purity. The company has also started a new campaign called Stay Protected which is an extension of their own earlier Play Safe and the television commercial concentrated a bit more on the protection aspect. Distribution: Bisleri currently has 25 bottling units and about 5000 vehicles for distribution. Throughout the country, Bisleri has about 3,50,000 retail outlets. Manufacturing operations are done in 18 places in India. For the 20 litre jar, the company has introduced a home delivery system which is done by a specialized distribution system. Bisleri distributes in 3 phases : Direct distribution through roadways Through Local distributors to retail outlets. Home delivery with the help of small depots inside cities. Company Profile of Aquafina : History: Aquafina is a bottled water brand owned by PepsiCo. Aquafina was first launched in Wichita, Kansas, USA in 1994. It started distributing nationally throughout America by 1997. It started operating in India from 1999 starting from the city of Bombay and nationally throughout India in 2000. As of the year 2007, it became Americas biggest selling bottled water brand by sales volume. Product : Aquafina adopts a process called Hydro-7 process which is a seven stage purification process. The water is originated from the public sources and it undergoes reverse osmosis followed by underground and ozone sterilization. It removes impurities like chlorides, salts and other substances that affect the waters taste. Aquafina also claims that its bottles are 100% recyclable. Aquafina also meets the stringent national and international standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). In addition to bottled drinking water, Aquafina also has a range of different products like Aquafinaflavorsplash which is flavored drinking water, Aquafina Sparkling which is carbonated water. However the production of Aquafina Sparkling was discontinued in 2010 in the US. Health conscious products like Aquafina Alive and Aquafinaplus+ are also produced by Aquafina which are low calorie and vitamin enhanced products. Price : Product Price(INR) 300 ml 5 500 ml 8 1 litre 12 2 litres 25 25 litres 260 Promotion : Aquafina has started advertising in a new way by launching What a body campaign. It helped the brand reach out to different market segments. Through Aquafina, Pepsico has started water conservation initiatives and creating awareness about Pepsicos efforts to conserve water. Aquafina promoted the brand through tv commercials, by using catchy slogans like Purest part of you. It also entered into tie-ups with the Railways and other public places like Departmental stores, Multiplexes etc. thereby promoting the brand aggressively. Distribution : Throughout India, Aquafina has about 19 bottling plants. Aquafina bottled water is available in all the parts of the country with about more than half a million outlets selling the brand. Company profile of Kinley History : Cocac-cola introduced Kinley into the bottled water market in August 2000.Bisleri, which was already a leader in the market of purified mineral water, had a market share of greater than 60% and the term Bisleri was being used as a generic term for mineral water. Kinley established around 20 water plants throughout the country and was in the process of setting up 15 more water plants within the next one year. The situation at the time when Kinley forayed into the bottled water market can be examined with the help of 5C approach. Company : Coca-Cola already enjoyed a strong brand image in the market with the likes of soft drinks like Coca-Cola, Limca, Thums up etc. It also had strong supply and distribution channels. Competition : Coca-Colas major competitor at the time of its entry into the bottled water market was Parle. With a growth rate of about 40% for 10 years, Parles Bisleri earned the faith and the loyalty of the customers in provide safe and pure drinking water. Category : At the time of starting its operations, three categories were much popular in the bottled water market. Pouches were popular in rural areas because of their easy availability and also the price concerns. The bottles of 500 ml to 1 litre were being sold in all kinds of retail outlets. There was also a huge demand for bulk quantities ( of about 20 litres ) in the households as well as the corporate. Context : Because of the scarcity of water in most parts of the country and also the increasing health consciousness among the people of India, the number of people moving towards mineral water is increasing. Collaboration : Since Coca-Cola has a well managed distribution system, it collaborated with restaurants, supermarkets etc. and distributing its products across a variety of retail outlets. Under these circumstances, Coca-Cola launched Kinley, first across a variety of Southern metros and later it spread to all other places nationally. Positioning : The brand Coca-Cola already enjoyed a trustworthy position in the Indian market and it also had an efficient distribution system. Under the initiative of Boondh Boondh mein Vishwas it portrayed itself as a brand of trust and purity. The company stood on the belief that The right to pure, safe drinking water is fundamental. Product : In 2000, 500 ml pack was launched. This was followed by 1 litre, 1.5 litre, 2 litres, 5 litres, 20 litres and 25 litres by 2002. Targeting parties and special occasions, Kinley introduced 200 ml cups. Also, the 200 ml pouches were available to cater the needs of the rural areas where price is an important concern. Reverse osmosis and latest technology is used in the purification of water. The company also started easy to hold bottles in 2008. Price : Product Price 200 ml (pouch) Re.1 200 ml (water cup) Rs.3 500 ml Rs.5 (in Delhi) Rs.8 (Rest of India) 1 litre Rs.10 Place : Kinley was first available in the Southern Metros and then the company started distributing them nationally. The 200 ml water cups were made available in Chennai and Gujarat before introducing them across the country. The 200 ml pouches were first tested in selected areas of Gujarat before marketing them across India. Promotion : Kinley launched the campaign Boondh Boodh mein vishwas. In the words of Coca-Cola, Kinley brand personifies trust which is a key attribute in the packaged drinking water segment. Our product attribute matched with the brand positioning is a key reason that the brand has done so well in market despite aggressive and low price competitors. Kinley started a new campaign Vishwas Karo in 2009. Kinley beat Bisleri in 2002 in retail segment ( 500 ml to 2 litres) where Bisleri continued to be the leader for about two decades. It held a market share of about 35.1% while Bisleri held the second position with a market share of about 34.4%. Currently, while Bisleri enjoys to be the number one brand in both retail and bulk markets, Kinley holds the second position. Company Profile of Himalayan bottled water History : In 2008, Tata took over Himalayan bottled water, a product of Mount Everest Mineral Water to cater to the needs of urban and health conscious market. The company maintains that the water is unprocessed and untouched and is straight away packed from the natural resource. In the words of the CEO, Pradeep Poddar of Mount Everest Mineral water, The launch would be our first transformative step in actualizing our vision of creating next generation beverages with water on the platform of wellness, starting with natural mineral water. In future, we would be straddling the entire consumer pyramid with breakthrough, functional and nutritionally enhanced offerings, making this an exhilarating journey in our quest to make water truly the elixir of life. Strategic Planning: The TATA group forayed into the mineral water industry by acquiring a stake of about 32 percent in Mount Everest Mineral Water which is actually a good move as they got hold of a brand thats already existing in the market and by getting hold of such a large stake, it gets control of majority of the decision making processes of the company. Himalayan is internationally accredited by the US FDA, the European Union, the health ministries of Japan and France. It is a ISO 9001:2000 company that is the only Indian brand of mineral water that is internationally accepted. Segmentation : Based on the type of bottled water, this category is segmented into 1.Natural Mineral Water directly packaged from the source and unprocessed and 2.Ordinary Mineral Water this segment involves treatment with chemicals before packaging. TATA is the leader in the Natural mineral water category. Before acquisition bey TATA, the Himalayan water used to cater to the institutional and the international customers. Targeting : The target for Himalayan water included the following segments Institutional customers and the customers willing to pay a premium. The institutional customers include multiplexes, restaurants, airlines, corporate companies etc. The other segment includes those people who are ready to pay a cost higher than the others. The company mainly targeted those who will be ready to pay Rs.25 for a bottle of water. Positioning : With TATA taking over the brand, Himalayan mineral water got a boost in India as TATA is a trusted brand. The television commercials in the ads used the statement : Go back to the nature untouched, unprocessed pristine water from the Himalayas that took 20 years gathering natures goodness for you. With a slogan Live Natural. The USP of Himalayan mineral water is that it is unprocessed and it is packaged straight from the natural source. Product : Himalayan Natural water is available in 200 ml, 500 ml, 750 ml, 1 litre, 1.5 litres and 2 litre bottles. The bottle design was created by Rediffusion DYR , actualized by SIPA, Italy. The water is collected after it flows through clay, stones and river streams collecting different types of minerals with it for about 20 years. The company plans to introduce new variants of the product keeping in mind the different market segments. Price : The 750 ml water bottles were priced at around Rs.250 for the corporate and the multiplex segments while it was Rs.18 for the retail segment. Though the price is much higher than the other mineral water products of other companies which cost around Rs.10-15, it is highly competitive when compared with its competitors in the natural water segment Eviane by Danone and Perrier by Nestle since it is priced at a rate 1/4th cheaper than the others in the premium natural water market. Place : The plant is primary located in the Daula Kuan Region of Sirmour District of Himachal Pradesh. The company has plans to expand with the help of distributors in various parts of the country. Initially, it made use of its already existing and large distribution network of TATA tea. Himalayan water started being distributed in as many as 19500 Tata tea retail outlets as well as other retail shops through the help of the large distribution network of Tata tea. The company started distributed Himalayan water across the country in all the metro cities and also in places like Goa, Pune, Cochin which attract a fair amount of tourists. The company also entered into a joint venture with Pepsico., which is already a leading company in liquid company so as to leverage its distribution and marketing, thereby establishing Himalayan brand as a leader in Natural water. According to the companys website, Himalayan natural mineral waters clientele includes luxury hotel chains like The Taj, The Oberoi , Marriott, InterContinental; premium airlines like Jet Airways; leading multiplexes such as Adlabs; fine dining restaurants like Zodiac Grill, China Gate, Golden Dragon, Indiana Jones, and Frangipani among others. Promotion : The promotional campaign was handled by Rediffusion DYR with a television commercial that had a slogan Live Natural emphasizing the USP of Himalayan Natural water. The Brand is advertised focusing on the fact that the water has been untouched or unprocessed straight from the natural source, where the water has been flowing across river streams acquiring minerals, for about 20 years. In the words of Abanti Sankaranarayanan, executive director of Mount Everest Mineral Water, The launch marks the beginning of an exciting journey aimed at redefining the entire category of bottled water. We have a unique proposition of hydration with wellness, which will embrace all brand offerings in future. The brand communication is designed to narrate the mysticism of Himalayan to evoke an intimate tone with the consumer. The packaging is contemporary and aspirational and conveys the style quotient of the new Himalayan natural mineral water,